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311.
Due to high terrestrial runoff, the Baltic Sea is rich in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the light-absorbing fraction of which is referred to as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Inputs of DOC and CDOM are predicted to increase with climate change, affecting coastal ecosystems. We found that the relationships between DOC, CDOM, salinity, and Secchi depth all differed between the two coastal areas studied; the W Gulf of Bothnia with high terrestrial input and the NW Baltic Proper with relatively little terrestrial input. The CDOM:DOC ratio was higher in the Gulf of Bothnia, where CDOM had a greater influence on the Secchi depth, which is used as an indicator of eutrophication and hence important for Baltic Sea management. Based on the results of this study, we recommend regular CDOM measurements in monitoring programmes, to increase the value of concurrent Secchi depth measurements. 相似文献
312.
313.
Nick Gallent Marion Shoard Johan Andersson Richard Oades Christine Tudor 《Local Environment》2013,18(3):217-233
The urban fringe has been described as 'planning's last frontier'; a zone of transition and interface between town and country where a broad variety of land uses and activities come together, and where development pressure is often intense. In this paper, we argue that the urban fringe possesses special characteristics, making it more than simply a transitional landscape. These characteristics centre on patterns of land use, biodiversity and leisure/development opportunity which are unique to the urban edge and to land extending away from built-up areas. The uniqueness, diversity and particular dynamics of the urban fringe demands a special brand of planning and management response. Therefore we suggest that the principle of 'multi-functionality' provides a framework for action, showing how diversity can be managed and supported. Through brief case studies, we demonstrate how functional interactions at the urban fringe might be promoted in the future. 相似文献
314.
Abstract The development of ‘indicators’ and associated techniques for the appraisal of ‘sustainability’ requires efforts to systematically define, quantify and aggregate many disparate dimensions of social, environmental and economic performance. This necessarily raises a number of serious theoretical and methodological difficulties, including those relating to the selection and framing of ‘problems’ and ‘options’, the treatment of deep uncertainties and the ‘impossibility’ of aggregating in analysis the divergent social interests and value judgements which govern the prioritisation of the different dimensions of ‘sustainability’. After exploring the depth and scope of some of these difficulties, this paper argues that they render futile any attempt to develop an ‘analytical fix’ for the problems of appraisal. In this light, systematic public participation is recognised not just as an issue of political efficacy and legitimacy, but also as a fundamental matter of analytical rigour. However, it is also concluded that once aspirations to the ‘analytical fix’ are renounced, there is much that might be contributed by transparent, straightforward quantitative analytical tools and the paper ends with some recommendations and an example in this regard. 相似文献
315.
Growns I Schiller C O'Connor N Cameron A Gray B 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,117(1-3):173-192
Rapid bioassessment (RBA) techniques for evaluating river health are now commonplace and there is much debate on the best
methods that should be used. One of the important features of RBA is subsampling of large qualitative or semi-quantitative
samples to reduce the costs associated with handling and identifying animals. In Australia, the Australian River Assessment
System (known as “AusRivAS”) has been widely used since 1994 to monitor and assess river health. To test the efficacy of AusRivAS
protocols, four live-sorting protocols, the standard Australian River Assessment Scheme (AusRivAS) and three suggested improvements,
were evaluated in three habitat types and in clear and turbid rivers. The suggested improvements included using magnification
during the live-sort process, separate sorting of coarse and fine fractions and increasing the amount of time or animals collected.
There was no statistically significant difference between any of the trialed live-sort protocols in terms of the number of
taxa collected compared to the number remaining, the community composition, the abundances of individual families collected,
or the AusRivAS Observed/Expected taxa ratios. The lack of differences between the live-sort protocols suggests that technicians
using the current standard AusRivAS protocols are able to effectively obtain a representative subsample of animals from the
whole kick or sweep net qualitative sample. This has the advantage of cost savings because no retraining will be required,
field procedures will remain uncomplicated and previous river health assessments will remain valid. 相似文献
316.
317.
Estimating the economic value of improvements in river ecology using choice experiments: an application to the water framework directive 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
The Water Framework Directive is a major regulatory reform of water resources management within the European Union. Integrated catchment management plans must be prepared for all river basins, in order to achieve 'good ecological status' in all EU waters. Ecological status is a broader measure of water quality than the chemical and biological measures that were previously dominant. The Directive calls for a consideration of the economic costs and benefits of improvements to ecological status. In this paper, we use the choice experiment method to estimate the value of improvements in three components of ecological status. Given the high resource cost of valuation studies, benefits transfer methods will be needed in implementing the Directive. We thus also test the ability of choice experiments for benefits transfer across two very similar rivers in the UK. 相似文献
318.
Timothy P. Munyon Matthew T. Jenkins T. Russell Crook Jonathan Edwards N. Paul Harvey 《组织行为杂志》2019,40(5):587-602
It is unclear why some firms suffer greater negative consequences than others following a product recall. To shed light on this question, we extend attribution theory to the firm level to explore how consumers engage in an attributional process following product recalls that shapes their responses to firms. Integrating attribution theory and the demand side theoretical perspective, we assert that consumer judgments of responsibility toward manufacturers are shaped by causal data regarding the locus of causality (i.e., manufacturer or supplier) and controllability (i.e., prior knowledge or awareness) of a recalled product's potential for harm. We then examine the impact of product recall characteristics on judgments of responsibility and firm‐level outcomes using an experimental test involving responses from 320 subjects. Our findings suggest that judgments of responsibility are attributed to the manufacturing firm more when consumers are given causal information indicating that the firm is the source of, or is aware of, a product's defects. The results also indicate that judgments of responsibility can have costly firm‐level consequences in the form of reputational damage, diminished consumer purchase intentions, and increased legal damage recommendations. We discuss theoretical contributions, practical implications, and opportunities for further research. 相似文献
319.
This study discusses an online reporting system used for waste flow tracking (auditing) and investigation of violations. In contrast to systems used in other countries, this system requires waste generators and transporters, as well as the treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) to file online reports on the movement of industrial waste within 24 h of being shipped, received, or completely treated. This system also provides online analytical processing for reporters to analyze all their data, thereby encouraging self-management of waste. Currently there are 25,861 generators, 4,963 transporters, and 865 TSDFs in Taiwan that are required to file online reports. Approximately 80 % of all waste generated in Taiwan is reported using this system. More than 7,000 vehicles are equipped with a global positioning system (GPS) for waste tracking, among which over 2,000 transport hazardous waste. Disposal vehicles transmit their locations to the Control Center every 30 s. Database quality has been enhanced through auditing and inspection for more than 12 years since this system was established. It serves as a “single portal” for industrial waste management and facilitates informed decision making for resource exchange and material flow among various industries to achieve resource and environmental sustainability. 相似文献
320.
Evan Couzo Adeola Olatosi Harvey E. Jeffries 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):696-706
In Houston, some of the highest measured 8-hr ozone (O3) peaks are characterized by sudden increases in observed concentrations of at least 40 ppb in 1 hr, or 60 ppb in 2 hr. Measurements show that these large hourly changes appear at only a few monitors and span a narrow geographic area, suggesting a spatially heterogeneous field of O3 concentrations. This study assessed whether a regulatory air quality model (AQM) can simulate this observed behavior. The AQM did not reproduce the magnitude or location of some of the highest observed hourly O3 changes, and it also failed to capture the limited spatial extent. On days with measured large hourly changes in O3 concentrations, the AQM predicted high O3 over large regions of Houston, resulting in overpredictions at several monitors. This analysis shows that the model can make high O3, but on these days the predicted spatial field suggests that the model had a different cause. Some observed large hourly changes in O3 concentrations have been linked to random releases of industrial volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the AQM emission inventory, there are several emission events when an industrial point source increases VOC emissions in excess of 10,000 mol/hr. One instance increased predicted downwind O3 concentrations up to 25 ppb. These results show that the modeling system is responsive to a large VOC release, but the timing and location of the release, and meteorological conditions, are critical requirements. Attainment of the O3 standard requires the use of observational data and AQM predictions. If the large observed hourly changes are indicative of a separate cause of high O3, then the model may not include that cause, which might result in regulators enacting control strategies that could be ineffective.
Implications To show the attainment of the O3 standard, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires the use of observations and model predictions under the assumption that simulations are capable of reproducing observed phenomena. The regulatory model is unable to reproduce observed behavior measured in the observational database. If the large observed hourly changes were indicative of a separate cause of high O3, then the model would not include that cause. Inaccurate model predictions may prompt air quality regulators to enact control strategies that are effective in the modeling system, but prove ineffective in the real world. 相似文献